Microbiology

The first person to use a Petri dish was German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri in 1877. Petri dishes are incubated in an inverted position to prevent contamination and to ensureproper microbial growth. When plates are incubated in an upright position, water vapor from the medium condenses onthe lid and can drip into the medium. This […]

Fumigation in cleanrooms and controlled environments, the most commonly used solutionsare: 𝐇𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗽𝗼𝗿 (𝗛𝗣𝗩)Widely used due to its effectiveness in sterilizing surfaces and air. 𝐅𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗱𝗲𝗵𝘆𝗱𝗲An older method, but still used in some cases, although it’s being phased out due to safetyconcerns. 𝐂𝗵𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗱𝗲 (𝗖𝗹𝗢₂)Gaining popularity for its effectiveness and relatively low toxicity compared toformaldehyde.

After fumigation in a cleanroom or controlled environment, exposing EnvironmentalMonitoring (EM) plates is not typically done immediately. 𝐏𝗼𝘀𝘁-𝗙𝘂𝗺𝗶𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗱After fumigation, there is usually a waiting period to allow the disinfectant or fumigant todissipate or settle. This ensures that any residual chemicals in the air won’t interfere with themicrobial growth on EM plates. 𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

Fumigation is a decontamination method that uses gas or vapor to kill microorganisms andprevent microbial growth. In a microbiology lab, fumigation is used to decontaminate all areas.Fumigation help to maintain the integrity of experiments and prevent the spread of potentiallyharmful microorganisms. Fumigation typically involves the use of chemicals or gases that can penetrate and disinfecthard-to-reach

Decontamination in an autoclave refers to the process of using high-temperature steam underpressure to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, andspores, on equipment, media, or waste. The goal is to render these materials safe for handling, reuse, or disposal.The autoclave generates steam at around 121°C (250°F) under 15 psi pressure. The materials

Incubating plates at different temperatures, such as starting at 20 to 25 degrees Celsius andthen increasing to 30 to 35 degrees Celsius. As optimum incubation conditions for yeasts & molds and bacteria is 22.5 ±2.5°C for 3 days(72 hours) and 32.5±2.5°C for 2 days (48 hours) respectively, these must be incubated atthese incubation conditions for

The Vitek system is widely used in microbiology laboratories for the identification ofmicroorganisms (bacteria and yeast) and for determining antimicrobial susceptibility. It’s an automated instrument that uses advanced technology, including optical readings, toanalyze biochemical reactions and provide results. 𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐊 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭

RVSEB (Rappaport–Vassiliadis Soya Peptone Broth) media contains some heat sensitive ingredients that can degrade at 121°C losing theirnutritive quality.This media shall not support the growth of specified microorganisms.When these media are sterilized at high temperature, the microorganism can grow but shallnot develop the characteristic colonies due to the degradation of the heat sensitiveingredients. Sterilization of

𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦- 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦- 𝐍𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚

Gram staining is a widely used microbiological technique to differentiate bacterial speciesinto two main groups Gram-positive and Gram-negative, based on the structural differencesin their cell walls. The technique, developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, involves a series of steps thatlead to the visualization of these differences under a microscope. 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠The principle